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Status Review Of Indonesian Marine Ornamental Fish Trade |
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Written by Administrator
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Monday, 03 July 2006 |
Sustainability of diverse marine ornamental fish has been threatened lately by unresponsible practice of explosive and poison fishing by Indonesia fishermen. And even the national newspapers, radio, TV, the Indonesia government reissued a decree reminding that fishing with explosives and poison is illegal, it is still widely practiced until now.
Introduction
Indonesia is the world's largest coral reef nation, with over 50.000 square kilometers of reefs (18 percen of the world total) extending nearly 5.000 kilometers from east to west, and harboring over 17.000 islands. Indonesia 's tropical coral reefs are inarguably amongst the richest environment on Earth, rivaling the tropical rainforests in biodiversity. About some 4000 species of fishes are believed to live on the world's coral reef. It touches on both the Indian and Pacific oceans as many seas, including the Andaman, Java, South China, Sulawesi, Banda and Arafura Seas. This same country has a vast array of coral reefs, many poorly described or completely unknown, while it completely straddles the region with the greatest reef biodiversity in the world. For the purposes of this account the physical and biological description are subdivided into a number of geographic sub units, while human and socio-economic issues are considered together for the entrire country (Spalding.et.al 2001).
Sustainability of diverse marine ornamental fish has been threatened lately by unresponsible practice of explosive and poison fishing by Indonesia fishermen. And even the national newspapers, radio, TV, the Indonesia government reissued a decree reminding that fishing with explosives and poison is illegal, it is still widely practiced until now.
| Developing Stories Trade of Marine Ornamental Fish in Indonesia
Since the introduction of the Aquarium from naturalist England Hendry Goose at 1953, marine ornamental fish has become favorite after that time and after World War II and human think about trading (Bonti-Bonti 1980). Long time ago Ornamental fish were sent with porcelain jug (Guci) and transported by cargo. At that time it took several weeks for transportation that caused high mortality. In Europe they used trains for transporting ornamental fish to another countries. They used cans for the packaging but the mortality was still high. At the time the center of Trading was Germany. After World War II stock and market center were moved to Singapore (Bonti-Bonti 1980). And the technic has increased to Packing technical, with the invention of the plastic material Ornamental fishes were packed in plastic and filled with oxygen. For transportation they used Plan, which caused the plan become speed and low mortality risk.
Ornamental fish Indonesia Club was established in the 1960, but the instability situation in Indonesia at that time dispersed the club. At 6 June 1976 Aquarist Society of Indonesia (ASI) was formed with D. Ashari (secretary jendral ministry of Foreign Affairs) as the chairman, Ir. A. Dwiponggo (vice chaiman), Ir. Juni M. Jarman (Secretaries), Hamingkubuwono IX and Tojib Hadiwijaya (Ministry of Agriculture), Letjen H. Ali Sadikin as the advisors (Bonti-bonti 1976). Trade of marine ornamental fish is increasing now because increasing the demand from local consumer and international consumer like Singapore, France, Japan, USA etc. On 1972 it was very difficult to get marine fish at Jakarta. Collecting marine fish was impossible to success as Digdo Yuwono's experience when he tried to build ornamental marine fishes collector farm. Even Digdo Yuwono was laughed by others. But he got success and know how to care ornamental fish.
Lately, the quantity of ornamental fish trade more less 280 species (DKP, IMA dan Telapak 2001), 367 species (NAFED 2002), 622 species (CV. Pacific Bali 2001). Ornamental fish trading is centered in Jakarta and Bali, mainly for export. This is especially because of the availability of direct flights to destination countries in North America and Europe. Ornamental fish are exported through Ngurah Rai airport, Soekarno-Hatta airport. Besides the two cities mentioned above, there are 3 other export gates with smaller export volume, which are Solo, Medan and Makasar. The exports from Solo and Medan transit in Singapore, while the export from Makasar is carried through Bali (DKP, IMA dan Telapak 2001). For local market, the biggest trading center for ornamental fish are in Jalan Sumenep-Central Jakarta, Pasar Minggu-Jalan Sumenep, Jalan Barito (Blok M), jalan MT. Haryono (front of Hero Mall), and many others. The local market is oriented more for the supply for aquariums in stared-hotels, shopping centers, office buildings and the private collection of the upper class. The lower class is less interested in this type of fish due to the difficulties in maintenance and regular supply of seawater that make them costly. Several traders from Jalan Sumenep admitted that the types of ornamental fish sold to the local market are lower in quality compared to those for export. Powder blue tang and emperor angelfish receive the least interest due to their high price.
| Fishing gear of Marine Ornament Fish Indonesia
Bubu trap, barrier net, scoopnet and fishing line are variety of fishing gears that have been used by fishermen since long time ago, but lately these gears have been forgotten replaced by the use of blast fishing; cyanide fishing, muroami and trawling which are easy to operation and harvest more fish.
a. Bubu trap
Bubu trap is traditional tool made from bamboo, rotan trap, and nowaday use the wire, locally known as bubu, is widespread throughout Indonesia reefs fish. As described above, this gear is experiencing a resurgence of popularity due to its use in the live reef food trade. Bubu trap is left under sea for 12 hour (evening) and in the morning the trapped fish are collected. Fishermen at Sumatra, java, Sulawesi and Papua are very experienced to operate this.
| | b. Barrier net
The fishermen use barrier net which combines with scoop net to keep marine ornamental fish together. Barrier net is commonly used to catch the fish swimming in the surface, so the fish can't swim away and enable them to be captured by scoopnet.
| | c. Cyanide (Potassium)
Cyanide (Potash) causes low tenacity on the captured fish. Around 80% of ornamental fish and 50% of food fish died in retainer and during transportation from the fishing areas to the buyers. The effort to eradicate potash by using fresh water or by giving antibiotics, such as tetra, does not help much. As a result, the players of the trading of live reef fish try to get more fish to fulfill the order. Capturing fish without the use of cyanide, though difficult, will result in having fish which stay alive longer, (with longer tenacity), a lower mortality rate, and at the end more profit is gained. Some consumers also prefer fish which are cyanide free. The marine ornamental fish which are free of cyanide have longer tenacity.
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| Price Structure of Marine Ornamental fish Indonesia
Reef fisheries trade in Indonesia for ornamental fish is delivered to the collectors, who usually are the owners who provide loan to the fishermen, for operational cost of the ship, including for gasoline, food, etc. The fishermen then return the loan by delivering their capture to the collectors. The flow continues until the fish arrive at the exporters. It is believed that within the capital provided.
There are several systems for purchasing fish used by collectors or exporters. First, wholesale system in which collectors or exporters purchase all types of fish captured, regardless of their species or conditions. Second, order system, in which collectors or exporters have placed their order on specific species of ornamental fish. The first system would sometimes cause the collectors or the exporters to try to sell all goods quickly, to avoid them being in retainer for a long period of time, that could cause them to die. There are also fish that are not sold well in the local market.
In the reef fish each businessman is responsible for the costs of manpower, handling and transportation, profit, tax and levies, and the risk of having dead fish. There are 2 types of tax levies, formal and informal. Formal levy is in the form of export tax and in arranging of export document such as for quarantine. The informal levy is varied and usually depends on the origin, the destination and the transportation system that is used. Included in informal levy is security and ‚bribery. Besides the possibility of huge profit margin for the exporters, the above mentioned components cause a significant difference between the prices given by the fishermen and those by exporters for ornamental fish. The difference can reach 900%. As an example, emperor angelfish (Pomacanthus imperator) which is sold for Rp 25,000,-/fish by the fishermen to the collectors, can be exported for US$ 25.00/fish. Even in the local trader level, the difference of price can reach up to 300% (DKP, IMA and Telapak 2001). AT 1997 the potential Ornamental fish in Europe recorded USD 600 million and with population more or less 367 million and family population 92 millon. From family population more or less 2,7 million family the hobbies took Aquarium (Bonti-Bonti 1980).
| Supplier and Exporter Marine Ornamental Fish in Indonesia
According to NAFED (2002) there are 40 exporters of marine ornamental fish. In Bali only 22 exporters are legal, while others are illegal and usually don't not own farm and use cargo to export (Arsonetri 2001). Indonesia Corals, Shells, and Ornamental Fish Association (AKKII) was established at August 1 1990 and is the most active exporter association in the country. Mrs. Ir.Yuni Yarman is General Chairman, Mr. Wesen D. Wirawan as Chairman I (Eksporter Golden Marindo), Mr. Suyatno as Chairman II (Ministry of Industry and Trade Staff) and Mr. Indra Wijaya for Executive Manager (NAFED 2002). Within this framework, AKKI and its members are committed to the principle of sustainable utilization of what is available. At the same time, it also acknowledges that the existence of such resources should be useful. Indonesia Ornamental fish export 1991-1997 always increase in volume and value, The volume average 13,1% per year, which values 0,6 increases with 1991 the value become 7,813 million USD and 1997 was 9,971 million USD. This data is different with statistic biro center. Three years later Indonesians ornamental fish export was fluctuative. Sometime it's low and high. For example in 1997, the value was 3,16 million USD but in 1998 was lowered became 1,48 million USD, an in 1999 become higher again 11,40 million USD (Suara Pembaruan 1998). According to BPEN chairman, Indonesia ornamental fish export have done 52 country market in the world. The major market countries to export are USA, Germany, England, France, Singapore, Hong Kong, Holland, Belgium, Spain, Italia, Sweden, Norwegian, Malaysia, Denmark and Souht Korea. | Development of Certification Marine Ornamental Fish System
Several meetings and national seminars in Jakarta, Bali and socialists from WWF Indonesia, TERANGI (Indonesia Coral Reef foundation) and Ministry of Industry and Trade The Republic of Indonesia, to the Fishermen, Collector and Exporter show strong power to improve the management healthy Coral reefs as habitat Marine Ornament Fish.
The Marine Aquarium Council (MAC) is an international not-for-profit organization working to ensure sustainability of the marine ornamental trade and quality within the marine aquarium industry.
The MAC Network of conservation groups, hobbiests, aquarium industry representatives, government agencies and public aquariums includes more than 2,500 individuals in more than 60 countries-and is growing. In Indonesia MAC has also cooperation at Indonesia with NGOs (Terangi, Telapak, YBN, and WWF Indonesia) Indonesia Government, Fishermen, Company and AKKI (Exporters) for implementing its mission establishing an independent certification process for those in the industry that meet best practice standards.
| | | LITERATURES - Arsonetri (2001), Overview Perdagangan Ikan Hias dan Karang by Yayasan Bahtera Nusantara Mei 2001
- Bonti-Bonti 1976. Majalah Pengemar Penyayang Pelindung Dan Ahli Ikan Hias , HIPI magazine nomor 01 tahun I, Agustus 1976.
- Bonti-Bonti 1980. Majalah Pengemar Penyayang Pelindung Dan Ahli Ikan Hias , HIPI magazine nomor 02 tahun IV, September 1980.
- CV. Pasifik Bali 2001, List of Export of live Marine fish Invertebrates, Coral and Sea Product, unpublished
- IMA et. All. 2001. Country Status Overview 2001 Tentang Eksploitasi dan Perdagangan dalam Perikanan Karang di Indonesia oleh Depertemen
- Kelautan dan Perikanan (DKP), Telapak Indonesia dan International Marinelife Alliance (IMA Indonesia).
- Mc. Allister, D. 1991. Terumbu Karang Kita (Save Our Coral Reefs). WWF & Kanwil Dephut. Irja.
- NAFED (2002), Directory of Indonesia Ornamental Fish 2002 oleh National Agency For Export Development (NAFED) Ministry of Industry And Trade The republic Of Indonesia In Cooperation With Indonesian Ornamental Fish Exporters.
- Spalding M.D, Corina Ravilious and Edmund P. Green. (2001). World Atlas of Coral Reefs.
- University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London 2001
- Suara Pembaruan 1998. Indonesia ikut Pameran Ikan Hias di Jerman, Suara pembaharuan daily news paper Jakarta 10 may 1998.
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Last Updated ( Wednesday, 19 July 2006 )
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